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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide are the primary functions of the respiratory system. The respiratory system carries out these life-sustaining acts in close coordination with the circulatory system. Most of the time, we remain blissfully unaware of these automatic functions. The respiratory organs deliver oxygen to the circulatory system. The circulatory system transports the oxygen to all body cells. Oxygen is used by cells to liberate the energy needed for cellular activities. The respiratory system also removes carbon dioxide. Thus, the circulatory system prevents the buildup of this lethal waste byproduct in the body tissues. Irreversible damage to tissues can occur if the respiratory system is halted even for a few minutes. This can cause failure of all the other body systems. The consequence is death! NOSE COMMENCES THE RESPIRATORY PROCESS The respiratory system begins from the nose. It ends in the lungs. The respiratory system is broadly divided into two parts, viz., the upper and the lower respiratory tracts. The upper respirator tract is made up of the nose and the throat (pharynx). The lower respiratory tract includes five organs. They are the voice box (larynx), and the windpipe (trachea), bronchi, bronchioles and the lungs. The trachea splits into the two branches called bronchi. The bronchi further gets divided into further smaller branches called bronchioles. The lungs are a pair of spongy saclike organs. The bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx and the nose transport air to and from the lungs. It is the lungs that interact with the circulatory system for delivering oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the lungs. THE RESPIRATION PROCESS Respiration is a two-pronged process. It involves the respiratory and the circulatory systems. Respiration connotes the coordinated functioning whereby the cells are delivered oxygen and the lethal carbon dioxide is removed. The first phase: The nose begins the first phase of respiration. This is done with inhaling or inhalation (breathing in). The process brings in air along with oxygen from outside the body into the lungs. From the lungs, oxygen goes via the blood vessels to the heart. The heart pumps the oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body. The first phase of respiration ends with the oxygen moving into the cells from the bloodstream. The second phase: The second phase commences after the oxygen gets into the cells. The cells use the oxygen to produce energy. This independent process is called cellular respiration. It produces the byproduct -- carbon dioxide. The accumulated carbon dioxide now moves from the cells to the bloodstream. Next, the bloodstream transports the carbon dioxide to the heart. Then, the carbon dioxide-laden blood is pumped back to the lungs. The third phase: Again the nose comes into picture during this stage. The lungs push the byproduct to the nose from where it is exhaled or breathed out. This is the final or the third stage when the body gets rid of the carbon dioxide. At the end of the third stage or the entire respiratory cycle another one starts automatically. OTHER FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The respiratory system further regulates the balance of acid and base in tissues. This balancing act is crucial for the normal functioning of cells. It protects the body against disease-causing organisms and toxic substances inhaled with air. The respiratory system also houses the cells that detect smell. Moreover, the respiratory system assists in the production of sounds for speech. THE OLFACTORY NERVE The brownish olfactory nerve is also called olfactory receptors. The olfactory nerve inside the nose is the main nerve of smell. The olfactory region is made up of thick nasal soft mucous membrane. Its brownish color is because of a pigment. The olfactory nerve ends in minute varicose fibers (several small branches). These fibers ultimately conclude in the epithelial cells. Mentionably, the epithelial cells project into the nasal free surface. The olfactory nerve is the first to know of any chemicals that may enter the nasal passages. The receptors immediately trigger off a signal to the brain. This creates the smell perception. THE ESOPHAGUS Esophagus is a muscular tube. The esophagus carries food from the throat to the stomach. The esophagus and the pharynx situated behind the mouth swallow the food and move it to the stomach. The stomach temporarily stores the food, mixes it with digestive juices, and carries out some digestion. The esophagus also holds the stomach contents in place. Actually, this function is carried out by the lower esophageal sphincter. This sphincter is a muscle. It is located at the lower end of the esophagus. THE PHARYNX The pharynx is a passageway for both air and food. The pharynx connects the nose and mouth with the windpipe (trachea) and the food pipe (esophagus). The pharynx is a muscular tube. The pharynx is located within the neck. The pharynx is lined with a mucous membrane. The pharynx is approximately five inches (13 cm) in length. The pharynx lies in the front of the spinal column. The upper portion of the pharynx is known as nasopharynx. The name arises as it begins in the back of the nasal cavity.. The lower part is oropharynx. It points to that area in the back of the mouth. The pharynx ends at the epiglottis. Epiglottis is a flap of cartilage. Epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea. However, the epiglottis allows the food to enter the esophagus. Two eustachian tubes connect the pharynx to the middle ear. These eustachian equalizes the eardrums air pressure. The pharynx can be infected via the mouth as well as the nose. Sore throat involves pharynx infection (pharyngitis) or throat inflammation. Pharyngitis can be due to infectious mononucleosis, herpes, and viral infections. The viral infections are German measles (rubella), influenza, and common cold. It can also be caused by bacteria like staphylococcal, streptococcal, chlamydial, and diphtherial. These bacteria multiply cause sore throat by multiplying rapidly within the pharynx. Tonsils and Adenoids Among the adults the pharynx contains the tonsils, while among the children the pharynx contains the adenoids. Tonsils: Tonsils are lymphoid tissues at the back of the throat. Tonsils form a tissue ring around the pharynx or the throat. Tonsils are cells. Tonsils are similar to the bloodstream lymphocytes. Tonsils are embedded in fibrous connective tissues. Tonsils are covered by a single epithelium layer. The lymphoid cells are phagocytic. The cells protect the pharynx from bacteria that can cause diseases. Tonsils may become inflamed and chronically or acutely infected. This condition is called tonsillitis. It is generally caused by streptococcus infection. During tonsillitis and streptococcal, the tissues surrounding the tonsils form pus. Then a whitish coat forms over the tonsils which can appear as white specks. This state is called quinsy. When the pharyngeal tonsils become inflamed they become abnormally large. They are called adenoids. Acute cases of tonsillitis are often treated by antibiotics like penicillin. Chronic recurrent tonsillitis may be treated by tonsillectomy (surgical removal of the tonsils). Adenoids: Adenoids are lymphoid tissue at the back of the throat. Adenoids usually shrink and disappear by adolescence. Enlargement of this tissue is common among children. Such a state can interfere with breathing. Symptoms of enlarged adenoids include restless sleep, snoring, breathing via mouth, and a nasal voice. Earlier, these tissues were removed in children. It was thought that inflamed adenoids led to recurrent colds and infections. Nowadays, this condition is recognized as benign. As a result, there are lesser adenoidectomies. THE LARYNX From the pharynx, the inhaled air moves to the larynx. The larynx is about five inches (13 cm) in length. The larynx is located in the central part of the neck. The larynx is made up of several layers of flexible but tough cartilage, a tissue. Mentionably, during puberty the males experience a protrusion of the cartilage. This enlarged prominent extension at the neck is called the Adam’s apple. FUNCTIONS OF THE LARYNX The larynx primarily transports air to the wind pipe (trachea). Besides, the larynx also helps in producing the sounds. The epiglottis -- a leaflike thin tissue portion of the larynx -- further prevents the food from entering the trachea (thus obviating the possibility of choking). Moreover, the cilia cells as well as the mucous membrane of the larynx also filter air. The cilia cells take the airborne substances towards the pharynx where they are swallowed. The epiglottis: The epiglottis stem is attached to the top and the front portions of the larynx. When the epiglottis remains in a vertical position, it acts like a trap door. This happens during the breathing process. But as a person starts swallowing, a reflexive action forces the epiglottis and the larynx to move near each other toward each other. This coming closer of the epiglottis and the larynx forms a protective seal. As a result, the fluids and food are specifically sent towards the food pipe (esophagus). When the reflexive action doesn’t work: What happens when the reflexive action doesn’t function is that the food can enter the larynx. This happens when one eats the meal fats or when one laughs while swallowing. The result is that there will be a recurrent cough impelled choking effect. At times this apparently simple choking effect can even be life-threatening. The cough is the body’s reflexive action to clear the larynx of the impediment. Whenever such choking takes place, someone must thump the back portion between the shoulder blades several times. This will help the person to get over the choking effect. The Heimlich maneuver: The Heimlich maneuver clears the windpipe of obstructions like food or fluid. The first-aid providing person applies thrusts in quick and in upward motion at the patient’s abdomen. The objective is to expel the object stuck at the trachea (windpipe). Standing behind the victim, the person keeps both his arms across the patient’s waist. Then, he places the fist of one hand below the rib cage and a bit above the navel. All the while, he keeps the thumb against the patient’s body. He uses the other hand for holding the fist and for applying pressure. Next, he puts quick pressure on the abdomen. The pressure is put in an inward and an upward motion. This fast recurrent action forces the lung air to get rid of the substance blocking the windpipe. However, in cases where the patient cannot stand still, is overweight, faints following the choking effect, the Heimlich maneuver is done in a different manner. The patient is made to lie face down. The first-aid provider carries on the process with the heel of a hand. Important: Nonetheless, it is important that the person does not put undue pressure on the rib cage. This is especially true when the patient is a child or an elderly person. Too much pressure can break ribs. Pertaining to pregnant woman or overweight people, the first-aid provider must place his hands only on the lower half of the breastbone (sternum) while carrying out the maneuver. In acute choking, tracheotomy (a surgical procedure) is undertaken to carry out bypass of the larynx. This operation brings in air to the trachea. TRACHEA, BRONCHI, AND BRONCHIOLES The trachea is another tube measuring approximately six inches (15 cm). The trachea is located below the larynx. From the larynx the air passes on to the trachea. About 20 sturdy C-shaped cartilage rings constitute the trachea. These rings help to keep the trachea open. In the process, air gets transported unhindered. While the unfastened cartilage is located at the trachea’s back portion, their ends are linked to each other by muscle tissues. Bronchi & bronchioles: The trachea base is situated at the portion where the neck meets the body trunk. At this juncture, the trachea splits into the right and the left bronchi. These bronchi transport air to the right and left lungs respectively. Inside the lungs, these bronchi again break up into smaller tubes -- the bronchioles. In fact, the respiratory system’s cleansing process is carried out by those bronchioles that are situated at the initial part, bronchi, and the trachea. These organs carry out the cleansing process via the mucous membrane linings as well as the ciliated cells. These cilia and the lining push the mucus upward towards the pharynx. Alveoli & capillaries: Alveoli are minute sacs inside the lungs. Most of the alveoli are lung tissues. Alveoli are formed by the bronchioles as they divide several times. The alveoli along with the bronchioles resemble a tree. The alveoli are only 0.02 inches (0.5 mm) in diameter. There are about 150 million alveoli in each lung. The alveoli carry out a dual function. While providing oxygen to the circulatory system, they also remove carbon dioxide from the lungs. The thin elastic alveoli walls expand when air moves into them. The walls collapse to exhale the air. The alveoli remain in clusters like the grapes. Each cluster is surrounded by capillaries. The capillaries are thin-walled and form a dense net of tiny hairs. The alveoli wall air is generally located 0.2 microns away from the blood carried by the capillary. Mentionably, the alveoli have more oxygen concentration then the capillaries. So, oxygen disseminates to capillaries from alveoli. Through the capillaries, oxygen goes to the larger vessels. These vessels then transport the oxygenated blood to the heart. Next, the heart pumps the cleaned blood to the other parts of the body. Macrophages: Among the alveoli are interspersed many macrophages. The macrophages are blood cells. These large white cells act as the last sentinels of the respiratory system among the alveoli. The macrophages segregate the foreign elements which may have passed through the earlier filtration process. This last line of defense ensures that the alveoli are not infected. Carbon dioxide disposal: The cells from across the body dump Carbon dioxide as a waste product. It is dumped in the bloodstream. The blood carries Carbon dioxide into the heart. From the heart, the Carbon dioxide moves to the alveolar capillaries. Notably, the capillaries have more concentration of carbon dioxide than the alveoli. So, carbon dioxide gets diffused into the alveoli from the capillaries. 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A root of bitterness can easily spring up in the marital relationship, as living within such close proximity of a person there are ample opportunities to be offended. If you are not careful offenses and neglect can sever you from meaningful relationship and thwart the marital union. A person who is bitter can respond in a number of ways from employing the cold shoulder treatment, to lashing out in anger, verbalizing profanity and obscenities, and at the emotional breaking point contemptfully resort to adultery to fully manifest their defiance. Maintaining a good attitude and right mindset toward your spouse is work. Such mental exertion is not for the faint in heart. You have to be willing to fight for your marriage. To sustain a loving, life-giving marriage both must be sober minded and alert to the seductions of the soul. Not only must you guard your own heart, but you must also discern the traps and snares that might beset your spouse when they are away from the house. Most importantly happily and wholeheartedly attend to one another's needs emotional and physical to fill one another's love tank and fortify the union. Remember people don't typically get out of a Rolls Royce to ride in a VW. Neither do spouses wander away looking for hamburgers when they are being served filet mignon at home. Therefore serve and feed one another's needs lest another does. Remember men if you don't take your wives out on a date, someone else will. Ladies, if you don't seduce your husband rest assured another woman will. Men compliment your wives and affirm their beauty and exceptional qualities. The more you affirm women the more they open up like a flower unto you. Ladies a man can be won by caring for him from his chest to his knees. He's rather simple. Feed him and make love to him. Divorce is no fun. I have been there and experienced it myself. I know. It helps to remember the painful consequences of infidelity before you take the plunge into sexual immorality. Among the many reasons to be faithful to your spouse and not cheat on them are as follows: 1. You might get dismembered, maimed or killed. John Bobbit’s wife cut his penis off when he cheated on her. Others have had knives and guns used on them when they cheated on their spouses. Next time you cheat remember it might be your last as death may be near. 2. Fear of getting caught torments the soul. Fear has torment and puts you in a continual state of alert. Life on the run is no way to live. In your patience possess your soul and harness your bodily appetites lest you be enslaved to them. There are many who are emotional fugitives living life on the run in their own marriages. Secrecy and continually tried to hide every little clue and indiscretion is not a meaningful existence. 3. Adultery destroys not only your marriage but also your children as they grow up without emotional stability and a firm family foundation. By committing you not only curse yourself but your offspring. Is it really worth perpetuating pain onward into your future and posterity? I think not. Get a grip and some psychological counseling if need be. 4. Adultery dishonors you and diminishes you as a person. Suddenly your word no longer means anything. You therefore become incongruent and begin to doubt even yourself, realizing that you are double-minded and given to dishonesty. Remember your word equals your worth. 5. You reap what you sow. What comes around goes around. Don't be so self-absorbed to think that you too will not suffer a similar situation when your spouse finds out about your misbehavior. Humans can be very vengeful and rarely hold back when they desire to get even. A spouse gone evil can become an arch enemy when they turn on you, as they no just how to get you where it hurts the most. Therefore respect and uphold your spouse so you too will receive the same in return. You had enough confidence and certainty in that person to marry them. Why then should you cheat on them and disregard all of your marital history, fond memories and the future which you have together. Don't do it! Marriage only gets better over time as you hang in there and work through your differences, seek mutual understanding, prefer one another and cooperatively work through your issues believing for the best. Your best days and your blessed days are ahead of you! safe penis enlargment male pennis enlargement best penis enlargement pills buy vig rx vimax penis enlargement traction device penile enlargment system penile enlargement surgeries penis enargement surgery penis enargement fact

Condoms, jimmies, rubbers…you might think you’ve heard them all. Condoms are one of the world’s most common prophylactics. Here are 5 things that you might not otherwise know about condoms and their names. 1. English Nicknames One of the most known nicknames for condom is rubber. However, if you go to a convenience store in Australia or New Zealand and ask for a rubber, you will be handed an eraser. This could make for awkward moments for Kiwis or Aussies traveling abroad who just want to erase a mistake: “Could I have a rubber, mate?” Other English nicknames include jimmy hat, raincoat, or hazmat suit: a suit you don for dealing with hazardous materials. The term “love glove” led to the famous safe sex slogan “No Glove, No Love.” 2. International Nicknames English isn’t the only language that had odd nicknames for condoms. In Denmark, they are called gummimand, which literally means “rubberman.” In Germany, they are called lummeltute, or “naughty bags.” Hungarian terminology emphasizes the protective aspect by calling a condom an ovsver, or a “safety tool.” Hong Kong similarly demonstrates the protective value by calling a condom a pei dang vi, or a “bulletproof vest.” In Portugal they call condoms “Venus’ shirts” or camisa de Venus: remember, Venus is the goddess of love after all, so it makes sense! Other countries can be more literal with their meanings: in Nigeria, a condom is an okpuamu, or a “penis hat.” In Indonesia, instead of a hat, it’s a “penis gourd” or a koteca. In English a condom is sometimes called a raincoat: in Greek it is sometimes called a kapota, or an overcoat. In Spain, a condom is called a globo, or balloon. Remember, although you can use a condom for a balloon, you can’t use a balloon for a condom! 3. National Tensions Some nicknames of the condoms demonstrate international tensions. In Germany, a slang term for a condom is a “Pariser,” or a Parisian. In English, condoms are sometimes called French Letters. Why is France associated with condoms? This might be because other countries associated all that was decadent with France. As a side note, a French Letter will protect you against the French Disease; or, to put it more plainly, a condom will help protect you against syphilis. Syphilis was called the French Disease because of the outbreak in the French Army in the sixteenth century; it was the Italians that coined that phrase (morbus gallicus). The French, however, might have gotten their linguistic come-uppance with their terminology. The French called syphilis “la maladie anglaise,” or the English Disease. They even called it the Italian disease or the Neapolitan disease too. Other countries were equally derisive, with the Arabs calling syphilis the English disease and the Russians calling it the Polish disease. Although most nationally-derogatory terms for syphilis are now in the past, the French still call condoms “la capote anglaise,” or the English raincoat. 4. Condom, France Yes, there is a town in France called Condom. As far as linguists know, it has nothing do with the etymology of the word condom. There is a folktale that the English got their word condom from this location. English travelers came and saw French farmers sewing prophylactics from sheep guts. Whether or not this is true, you can still get sheepskin condoms (made from sheep intestines). They are softer than latex or polyurethane condoms and increase sensation. However, sheepskin condoms do not protect against sexually transmitted diseases, they simply work to prevent pregnancy. 5. The Real Origins of the Word Condom Unfortunately, we don’t know the real origins of the word “Condom.” Was it named after a Dr. Condom, or a Dr. Quondam, as some tales tell? Is it named after a British army officer, Cundum? Or is it named after the Italian court adviser, Gondi? (A “gondon” or “goldoni” is another word for condom in Italy). Whatever the origins of our word condom, and whatever you choose to call it, wear a condom. Condoms prevent unwanted pregnancies and prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. free penis enlarement technique guide to pennis enlargement pnis enlargement testimonials vimax penis pills buy penis enlagement pills pennis enlargement surgery photo discount vig rx pro solution pills review penis enargement fact

Appropriate systematic and repeated fulfillment of your elementary Passion requires only two things a willing partner and the desire. Least you bother about anything. But if your body fails to reciprocate the excitement of your mind, if you are having problem in getting and maintaining an erection hard enough to enjoy sex. Then, the reason can be attributed to Erectile Dysfunction. ED is a widespread phenomenon and a time comes when every man finds it difficult to have an erection. This problem is associated with stress, exhaustion, and consuming too much alcohol. It is estimated that one in ten men suffers with a frequent and long standing erection problem. The problem becomes more frequent in older age. It is also true that only a small number of men who suffer with frequent and long standing erection actually seek medical assistance. This is strange since effective treatments are available for many men that can really help. When Pfizer first introduced Viagra to treat ED in 1998 and its phenomenal success in achieving the same inspired other pharmaceutical companies to bring out their version of medicine. IN November 2003 FDA approved Cialis (tadaalfil) from Elli Lilly and Icos corp to treat ED Cialis is in group of medication known as PDE-5 inhibitors that treats the cases of Erectile Dysfunction in men. It is selective inhibitor of cyclic guanosine monophosphate(cGMP) specific phosphodiesterose type. Erection occurs when the effect of cialis smooth the muscles in penis and also increase the size of blood vessels which deliver more blood to penis, at the same time blood vessels that take the blood away from penis decreases in size and remove less blood from the penis. Any medication which is being used to treat ED demands compliance with certain prerequisites before you start using it. It is always better to discuss with your physician in detail about health and all the medication you have been through. Tell your doctor about kidney condition (if you are on dialysis) or lever condition, you may need dosage adjustment. You should also avoid using it if you are taking medicine such as nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate. Taking cialis along with these medications can prove critical because it exaggerates the heart rate or may cause sudden and unsafe drop in blood pressure. It takes two to tango but Cialis with alcohol can prove too taxing for you. It may cause excessive drops in blood pressure and cause dizziness, headaches and increased heart rate. Any medicine which treats erectile dysfunction doesn’t claim to cure impotency for good. It simply arrests it temporarily and how long they hold it also not uniform. It may last up to 36 hours. buy vig rx get vigrx herbal penis enhancement do penis enlargment pills really work penile enlargement excersizes penis elargement truth about pennis enlargement free penis enlargment tip penis enargement fact

Men’s sexual health is as important a topic of discussion as any other health related issue. Sexual awareness in men is on the increase and more and more men world wide are becoming aware of their sexual health. Specific medical research and clinical trials are being conducted to understand the effects of new drugs in treating various sexual conditions in men. Erectile dysfunction (ED) or impotence is one such sexual condition that most men are scared off and its onset is considered with dread. This medical condition has multiple causes ranging from age, drug side effect, nervous disorder, injury or trauma. In the earlier stages it is generally considered trivial and ignored. But as the symptoms appear repeatedly the patient begins to suffer physically (lack of sexual activity) and psychologically (partners begin to ignore them). This is the stage when the panic sets in and if the condition is left untreated, it may turn disastrous for the victim. Nowadays your doctor or a sexual health specialist will be able to diagnose this condition using a combination of verbal and physical examination methods. Once there is a confirmed diagnosis, treatment can begin depending on the patient’s medical and physical condition. Viagra, containing sildenafil citrate, is used to effectively treat ED in men. It has a high success rate and its mild and short lived side effects make it a popular choice amongst doctors and patients. Viagra is sold as blue pills in dosage of 25mg to 100mg and can be taken once a day between 30 minutes to 4 hours before sexual intercourse. Viagra’s mechanism of action is based on relaxing the smooth muscles of the penis resulting in increased blood flow causing an erection. Without sexual stimulation Viagra by itself should not cause an erection. The compound sildenafil citrate, is also sold as a drug named Revatio which is used for treating pulmonary arterial hypertention (PAH). In this rare medical condition the right side walls of the heart tense up and may lead to heart failure. When Revatio is administered to the patient, it relaxes the tense right walls of the heart reducing the resistance and pressure, thus preventing a right-side heart failure. In fact sildenafil was initially synthesized for treating PAH. It was only later that its effect in treatment of ED was discovered. Revatio is sold as white round pills to distinguish it from Viagra sold as blue diamond pills. Like all medications these must be stored away from children in a cool place protected from direct sunlight and moisture. Remember never to share your prescription with others as your needs are unique. You should always use the medicines in the prescribed dosage and duration provided by your doctor. Overdose and off-label use of drugs can cause serious complications. Always use all medicines under qualified medical supervision.